- #The flow experience does not occur when quizlet skin
- #The flow experience does not occur when quizlet professional
Lastly, the use of these measures is expensive and time consuming, and requires trained technicians. High levels of arousal can indicate positive feelings. Also, physiological measures can be influenced by factors other than stress, including gender, weight, and overall physical health. Disadvantages: Some people find the use of EEG and fMRI themselves very stressful, and this can increase their anxiety levels even more. Also, data can be collected during athletic events, measuring actual responses. Advantages: Avoids the problems of social desirability and misreporting, and it's almost impossible to deliberately produce false data. Brain activation: Use of an EEG (electroencephalography), which measures brain waves, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology, which provides information on blood flow to specific areas of the brain, can be used to measure anxiety. Biochemical measures: The presence of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol can be detected in blood or urine tests.
#The flow experience does not occur when quizlet skin
Levels of anxiety can be measured through various measures of physiological arousal, including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle tension, and skin conductance. Also, some measures are relatively long, and can take considerable time to complete. Measures require large samples of data in order to reliably predict how anxiety is correlated with performance. Disadvantages: Sometimes athletes deliberately don't answer the questions honestly. Self-report measures also provide information that in some cases can only be learned by asking the athlete. Advantages: Self-report tests are easy to complete (provide data from large samples of athletes), and the measures provide numerical, objective data (easy to score). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and a related compound, self-confidence. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) and the Cognitive Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ) assess the level of trait anxiety. The Sport Competition Anxiety Test: this scale is a reliable measure of trait anxiety, and can be used with both adult and child athletes. Commonly used by sport psychologists, researchers, and coaches to measure athletes' level of arousal, anxiety, and stress.
#The flow experience does not occur when quizlet professional
McFall, Knoeber, & Thurman (2009) studied the playing of top ranked professional golfers, and found that having a financial incentive to perform well seems to lead to improved performance for players who are close to attaining a very lucrative prize. Verbal praise actually leads to an increase in intrinsic motivation. Cameron & Pierce (1994) showed in a meta-analysis of 96 studies examining the effects of reinforcement/reward on intrinsic motivation that overall, external rewards do not decrease intrinsic motivation. Sturman & Thibodeau (2001) found that MLB players who received a new contract (and a big raise) showed a decrease in immediate post-contract performance. Medic, Mack, Wilson, & Starkes (2007) found that college athletes who are on an athletic scholarship report that their intrinsic motivation to perform well would decrease if the scholarship were taken away, and athletes not on athletic scholarships report their intrinsic motivation would decrease if such a reward were given. Fortier, Vallerand, Briere, & Provencher (1995) found that recreational college athletes are higher in intrinsic motivation than competitive athletes.